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572 lines
26 KiB
TeX
572 lines
26 KiB
TeX
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%% %%
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%% thesistemplate.tex version 3.20 (2018/08/31) %%
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%% The LaTeX template file to be used with the aaltothesis.sty (version 3.20) %%
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%% style file. %%
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%% This package requires pdfx.sty v. 1.5.84 (2017/05/18) or newer. %%
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%% %%
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%% This is licensed under the terms of the MIT license below. %%
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%% %%
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%% Written by Luis R.J. Costa. %%
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%% Currently developed at the Learning Services of Aalto University School of %%
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%% Electrical Engineering by Luis R.J. Costa since May 2017. %%
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%% %%
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%% Copyright 2017-2018, by Luis R.J. Costa, luis.costa@aalto.fi, %%
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%% Copyright 2017-2018 Swedish translations in aaltothesis.cls by Elisabeth %%
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%% Nyberg, elisabeth.nyberg@aalto.fi and Henrik Wallén, %%
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%% henrik.wallen@aalto.fi. %%
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%% Copyright 2017-2018 Finnish documentation in the template opinnatepohja.tex%%
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%% by Perttu Puska, perttu.puska@aalto.fi, and Luis R.J. Costa. %%
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%% Copyright 2018 English template thesistemplate.tex by Luis R.J. Costa. %%
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%% Copyright 2018 Swedish template kandidatarbetsbotten.tex by Henrik Wallen. %%
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%% %%
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%% Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a %%
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%% copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), %%
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%% to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation %%
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%% the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, %%
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%% and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the %%
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%% Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: %%
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%% The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in %%
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%% all copies or substantial portions of the Software. %%
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%% THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR %%
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%% IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, %%
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%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL %%
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%% THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER %%
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%% LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING %%
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%% FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER %%
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%% DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. %%
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%% %%
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%% %%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%% %%
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%% %%
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%% An example for writting your thesis using LaTeX %%
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%% Original version and development work by Luis Costa, changes to the text %%
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%% in the Finnish template by Perttu Puska. %%
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%% Support for Swedish added 15092014 %%
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%% PDF/A-b support added on 15092017 %%
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%% PDF/A-2 support added on 24042018 %%
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%% %%
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%% This example consists of the files %%
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%% thesistemplate.tex (version 3.20) (for text in English) %%
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%% opinnaytepohja.tex (version 3.20) (for text in Finnish) %%
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%% kandidatarbetsbotten.tex (version 1.00) (for text in Swedish) %%
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%% aaltothesis.cls (versio 3.20) %%
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%% kuva1.eps (graphics file) %%
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%% kuva2.eps (graphics file) %%
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%% kuva1.jpg (graphics file) %%
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%% kuva2.jpg (graphics file) %%
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%% kuva1.png (graphics file) %%
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%% kuva2.png (graphics file) %%
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%% kuva1.pdf (graphics file) %%
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%% kuva2.pdf (graphics file) %%
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%% %%
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%% %%
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%% Typeset in Linux either with %%
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%% pdflatex: (recommended method) %%
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%% $ pdflatex thesistemplate %%
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%% $ pdflatex thesistemplate %%
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%% %%
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%% The result is the file thesistemplate.pdf that is PDF/A compliant, if %%
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%% you have chosen the proper \documenclass options (see comments below) %%
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%% and your included graphics files have no problems.
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%% %%
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%% Or %%
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%% latex: (this method is not recommended) %%
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%% $ latex thesistemplate %%
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%% $ latex thesistemplate %%
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%% %%
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%% The result is the file thesistemplate.dvi, which is converted to ps %%
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%% format as follows: %%
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%% %%
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%% $ dvips thesistemplate -o %%
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%% %%
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%% and then to pdf as follows: %%
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%% %%
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%% $ ps2pdf thesistemplate.ps %%
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%% %%
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%% This pdf file is not PDF/A compliant. You must must make it so using, %%
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%% e.g., Acrobat Pro or PDF-XChange. %%
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%% %%
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%% %%
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%% Explanatory comments in this example begin with the characters %%, and %%
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%% changes that the user can make with the character % %%
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%% %%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%
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%% WHAT is PDF/A
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%%
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%% PDF/A is the ISO-standardized version of the pdf. The standard's goal is to
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%% ensure that he file is reproducable even after a long time. PDF/A differs
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%% from pdf in that it allows only those pdf features that support long-term
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%% archiving of a file. For example, PDF/A requires that all used fonts are
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%% embedded in the file, whereas a normal pdf can contain only a link to the
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%% fonts in the system of the reader of the file. PDF/A also requires, among
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%% other things, data on colour definition and the encryption used.
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%% Currently three PDF/A standards exist:
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%% PDF/A-1: based on PDF 1.4, standard ISO19005-1, published in 2005.
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%% Includes all the requirements essential for long-term archiving.
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%% PDF/A-2: based on PDF 1.7, standard ISO19005-2, published in 2011.
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%% In addition to the above, it supports embedding of OpenType fonts,
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%% transparency in the colour definition and digital signatures.
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%% PDF/A-3: based on PDF 1.7, standard ISO19005-3, published in 2012.
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%% Differs from the above only in that it allows embedding of files in
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%% any format (e.g., xml, csv, cad, spreadsheet or wordprocessing
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%% formats) into the pdf file.
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%% PDF/A-1 files are not necessarily PDF/A-2 -compatible and PDF/A-2 are not
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%% necessarily PDF/A-1 -compatible.
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%% All of the above PDF/A standards have two levels:
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%% b: (basic) requires that the visual appearance of the document is reliably
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%% reproduceable.
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%% a (accessible) in addition to the b-level requirements, specifies how
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%% accessible the pdf file is to assistive software, say, for the physically
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%% impaired.
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%% For more details on PDF/A, see, e.g., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF/A
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%%
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%%
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%% WHICH PDF/A standard should my thesis conform to?
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%%
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%% Primarily to the PDF/A-1b standard. All the figures and graphs typically
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%% use in thesis work do not require transparency features, a basic '2-D'
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%% visualisation suffices. The font to be used are specified in this template
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%% and they should not be changed. However, if you have figures where
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%% transparency characteristics matter, use the PDF/A-2b standard. Do not use
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%% the PDF/A-3b standard for your thesis.
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%%
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%%
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%% WHAT graphics format can I use to produce my PDF/A compliant file?
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%%
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%% When using pdflatex to compile your work, use jpg, png or pdf files. You may
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%% have PDF/A compliance problems with figures in pdf format. Do not use PDF/A
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%% compliant graphics files.
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%% If you decide to use latex to compile your work, the only acceptable file
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%% format for your figure is eps. DO NOT use the ps format for your figures.
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%% USE one of these:
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%% * the first when using pdflatex, which directly typesets your document in the
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%% chosen pdf/a format and you want to publish your thesis online,
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%% * the second when you want to print your thesis to bind it, or
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%% * the third when producing a ps file and a pdf/a from it.
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%%
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\documentclass[english, 12pt, a4paper, sci, utf8, a-1b, online]{aaltothesis}
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%\documentclass[english, 12pt, a4paper, elec, utf8, a-1b]{aaltothesis}
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%\documentclass[english, 12pt, a4paper, elec, dvips, online]{aaltothesis}
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%% Use the following options in the \documentclass macro above:
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%% your school: arts, biz, chem, elec, eng, sci
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%% the character encoding scheme used by your editor: utf8, latin1
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%% thesis language: english, finnish, swedish
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%% make an archiveable PDF/A-1b or PDF/A-2b compliant file: a-1b, a-2b
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%% (with pdflatex, a normal pdf containing metadata is
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%% produced without the a-*b option)
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%% typeset in symmetric layout and blue hypertext for online publication: online
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%% (no option is the default, resulting in a wide margin on the
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%% binding side of the page and black hypertext)
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%% two-sided printing: twoside (default is one-sided printing)
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%%
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%% Use one of these if you write in Finnish (see the Finnish template
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%% opinnaytepohja.tex)
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%\documentclass[finnish, 12pt, a4paper, elec, utf8, a-1b, online]{aaltothesis}
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%\documentclass[finnish, 12pt, a4paper, elec, utf8, a-1b]{aaltothesis}
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%\documentclass[finnish, 12pt, a4paper, elec, dvips, online]{aaltothesis}
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\usepackage{graphicx}
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\usepackage{subcaption}
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%% Math fonts, symbols, and formatting; these are usually needed
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\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsbsy,amsmath}
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%% I prefer this font
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\usepackage{XCharter}
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%% For making various kinds of underlines
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%% normalem: do not replace emph with underlines
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\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
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%% Change the school field to specify your school if the automatically set name
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%% is wrong
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% \university{aalto-yliopisto}
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%% Edit to conform to your degree programme
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%%
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\degreeprogram{Master's Programme in Security and Cloud Computing}
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%%
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%% Your major
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%%
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\major{Security and Cloud Computing}
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%%
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%% Major subject code
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%%
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\code{SCI3113}
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%%
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%% Choose one of the three below
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%%
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\univdegree{MSc}
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%% Your name (self explanatory...)
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%%
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\thesisauthor{Jack Henschel}
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%%
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%% Your thesis title comes here and possibly again together with the Finnish or
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%% Swedish abstract. Do not hyphenate the title, and avoid writing too long a
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%% title. Should LaTeX typeset a long title unsatisfactorily, you mght have to
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%% force a linebreak using the \\ control characters.
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%% In this case...
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%% Remember, the title should not be hyphenated!
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%% A possible "and" in the title should not be the last word in the line, it
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%% begins the next line.
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%% Specify the title again without the linebreak characters in the optional
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%% argument in box brackets. This is done because the title is part of the
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%% metadata in the pdf/a file, and the metadata cannot contain linebreaks.
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%%
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\thesistitle{Dimensioning, Performance and Optimization of Cloud-native Applications}
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%% \thesistitle[Dimensioning, Performance and Optimization of Cloud-native Applications]{Dimensioning, Performance\\and Optimization of\\Cloud-native Applications}
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%\thesistitle[Title of the thesis]{Title of\\ the thesis}
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%%
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%%
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\place{Espoo}
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%%
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%% The date for the bachelor's thesis is the day it is presented
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%%
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\date{31.8.2018}
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%%
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%% Thesis supervisor
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%% Note the "\" character in the title after the period and before the space
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%% and the following character string.
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%% This is because the period is not the end of a sentence after which a
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%% slightly longer space follows, but what is desired is a regular interword
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%% space.
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%%
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\supervisor{Prof.\ Mario Di Francesco\\ Prof.\ Raja Appuswamy}
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%%
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%% Advisor(s)---two at the most---of the thesis. Check with your supervisor how
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%% many official advisors you can have.
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%%
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\advisor{M.Sc Yacine Khettab}
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%%
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%% Aaltologo: syntax:
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%% \uselogo{aaltoRed|aaltoBlue|aaltoYellow|aaltoGray|aaltoGrayScale}{?|!|''}
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%% The logo language is set to be the same as the thesis language.
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%%
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\uselogo{aaltoRed}{!}
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%%
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%% The English abstract:
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%% All the details (name, title, etc.) on the abstract page appear as specified
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%% above.
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%% Thesis keywords:
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%% Note! The keywords are separated using the \spc macro
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%%
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\keywords{kubernetes\spc autoscaling\spc cloud-native\spc monitoring\spc performance}
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%%
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%% The abstract text. This text is included in the metadata of the pdf file as well
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%% as the abstract page.
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%%
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\thesisabstract{
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TODO TODO TODO TODO TODO TODO TODO TODO TODO
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}
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%% Copyright text. Copyright of a work is with the creator/author of the work
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%% regardless of whether the copyright mark is explicitly in the work or not.
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%% You may, if you wish, publish your work under a Creative Commons license (see
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%% creaticecommons.org), in which case the license text must be visible in the
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%% work. Write here the copyright text you want. It is written into the metadata
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%% of the pdf file as well.
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%% Syntax:
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%% \copyrigthtext{metadata text}{text visible on the page}
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%%
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%% In the macro below, the text written in the metadata must have a \noexpand
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%% macro before the \copyright special character, and macros (\copyright and
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%% \year here) must be separated by the \ character (space chacter) from the
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%% text that follows. The macros in the argument of the \copyrighttext macro
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%% automatically insert the year and the author's name. (Note! \ThesisAuthor is
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%% an internal macro of the aaltothesis.cls class file).
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%% Of course, the same text could have simply been written as
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%% \copyrighttext{Copyright \noexpand\copyright\ 2018 Eddie Engineer}
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%% {Copyright \copyright{} 2018 Eddie Engineer}
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%%
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\copyrighttext{Copyright \noexpand\copyright\ \number\year\ \ThesisAuthor}
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{Copyright \copyright{} \number\year{} \ThesisAuthor}
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%% You can prevent LaTeX from writing into the xmpdata file (it contains all the
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%% metadata to be written into the pdf file) by setting the writexmpdata switch
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%% to 'false'. This allows you to write the metadata in the correct format
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%% directly into the file thesistemplate.xmpdata.
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%\setboolean{writexmpdatafile}{false}
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%% Customize page headers
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\usepackage{fancyhdr}
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\setlength{\headheight}{15pt}
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\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
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\newcommand{\myleftmark}{Chapter~\leftmark} % name of section
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\fancyhf{}
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\lhead{\myleftmark}
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\rhead{Page \thepage} % page number
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%% Macros to easily write and highlight items in the text.
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\newcommand\red[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1}}
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\newcommand\orange[1]{\textcolor{orange}{#1}}
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\newcommand\todo[1]{\red{TODO: #1}}
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\newcommand\improve[1]{\orange{\uwave{#1}}}
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%% Command for making pretty quotes at beginning of chapter
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%% \chapterquote{Text}{Author}{Underrule length}
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\newcommand{\chapterquote}[3]{{
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\begin{flushright}
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%% \vspace{-2.5em}
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\textit{"#1"}
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\\
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--- #2
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\\
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\rule{#3}{\linethickness}
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\end{flushright}
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}}
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%% Command for making multi-line table cells (centers horizontally and verticall).
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%% Usage: \bigcell{c}{One \\ Two}
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%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/38929
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\newcommand{\bigcell}[2]{{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.1}\begin{tabular}{@{}#1@{}}#2\end{tabular}}}
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%% For Pandoc output
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%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/258486
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\providecommand{\tightlist}{%
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\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}
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%% Import and configure listings package
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\usepackage{listings}
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\lstset{
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basicstyle=\color{black}\bfseries\ttfamily\footnotesize,
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xleftmargin=\parindent,
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keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries,
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commentstyle=\color{purple}\itshape,
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}
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% Define listing style for yaml code
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% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/152856
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\newcommand\YAMLcolonstyle{\color{red}\mdseries}
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\newcommand\YAMLkeystyle{\color{black}\bfseries\ttfamily\footnotesize}
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\newcommand\YAMLvaluestyle{\color{blue}\mdseries}
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\makeatletter
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% here is a macro expanding to the name of the language
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% (handy if you decide to change it further down the road)
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\newcommand\language@yaml{yaml}
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\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\lstdefinelanguage
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\expandafter{\language@yaml}
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{
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keywords={true,false,null,y,n},
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sensitive=false,
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showspaces=false,
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showtabs=false,
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showstringspaces=false,
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comment=[l]{\#},
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morecomment=[s]{/*}{*/},
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moredelim=[l][\color{orange}]{\&},
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moredelim=[l][\color{magenta}]{*},
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moredelim=**[il][\YAMLcolonstyle{:}\YAMLvaluestyle]{:},
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morestring=[b]',
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morestring=[b]",
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literate = {---}{{\ProcessThreeDashes}}3
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{>}{{\textcolor{red}\textgreater}}1
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{|}{{\textcolor{red}\textbar}}1
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{\ -\ }{{\mdseries\ -\ }}3,
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}
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% switch to key style at EOL
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\lst@AddToHook{EveryLine}{\ifx\lst@language\language@yaml\YAMLkeystyle\fi}
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\makeatother
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\newcommand\ProcessThreeDashes{\llap{\color{cyan}\mdseries-{-}-}}
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%% Define listing style for Go code
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\lstdefinelanguage{Go}{%
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morekeywords={append,bool,break,byte,cap,case,chan,close,complex,%
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complex128,complex64,const,continue,copy,default,defer,delete,%
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else,error,fallthrough,false,float32,float64,for,func,go,goto,%
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if,imag,import,int,int16,int32,int64,int8,interface,iota,len,%
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make,map,new,nil,package,panic,print,println,range,real,%
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recover,return,rune,select,string,struct,switch,true,type,%
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uint,uint16,uint32,uint64,uint8,uintptr,var},%
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sensitive,%
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morecomment=[s]{/*}{*/},%
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morecomment=[l]//,%
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morestring=[b]',%
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morestring=[b]",%
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morestring=[s]{`}{`},%
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}[keywords,comments,strings]%
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%% Make pretty quotes
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%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/265697
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\usepackage{mdframed} % Add easy frames to paragraphs
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\newmdenv[ % Define mdframe settings and store as leftrule
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linecolor=gray,
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topline=false,
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bottomline=false,
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rightline=false,
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skipabove=\topsep,
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skipbelow=\topsep
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]{leftrule}
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\newcommand{\nop}[1]{}
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%% All that is printed on paper starts here
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%%
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\begin{document}
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%% Create the coverpage
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%%
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\makecoverpage
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%% Typeset the copyright text.
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%% If you wish, you may leave out the copyright text from the human-readable
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%% page of the pdf file. This may seem like a attractive idea for the printed
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%% document especially if "Copyright (c) yyyy Eddie Engineer" is the only text
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%% on the page. However, the recommendation is to print this copyright text.
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%%
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%\makecopyrightpage
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%% Note that when writting your thesis in English, place the English abstract
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%% first followed by the possible Finnish or Swedish abstract.
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%% Abstract text
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%% All the details (name, title, etc.) on the abstract page appear as specified
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%% above.
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%%
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\begin{abstractpage}[english]
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Cloud computing and OS-level virtualization in the form of containers have seen major adoption over the last decade.
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Due to this, several container orchestration platforms were developed, with Kubernetes gaining a majority of the market share.
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Applications running on Kubernetes are often developed with a microservices architecture.
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This means that applications are split into loosely coupled services which can be distributed across many servers.
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The distributed nature of this architecture poses significant challenges for the observability of application performance.
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We investigate how such a cloud-native application can be monitored and dimensioned to ensure smooth operation.
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Based on this fundamental work, we explore the topic of autoscaling for performance and cost optimization in Kubernetes.
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Autoscaling refers to automatically adjusting the amount of allocated resources based on the application load.
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Our results show that thanks to the elasticity gained by autoscaling, we can gain performance and reduce costs compared to static dimensioning.
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This thesis also contributes an overview of available literature about cloud application autoscaling.
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Specifically, we perform a survey of research proposals for novel Kubernetes autoscalers.
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The evaluation of these autoscaler shows that for this topic there is significant gap between the available research and usage in the industry.
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We propose a modular autoscaling component for Kubernetes to bridge this gap.
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\end{abstractpage}
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\begin{abstractpage}[french]
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TODO
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Lorem ipsum.
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\end{abstractpage}
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%% Preface
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%%
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%% This section is optional. Remove it if you do not want a preface.
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\mysection{Preface}
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First of all, I want to thank the SECCLO consortium for giving me the opportunity to participate in this exciting degree programme and study at two excellent universities.
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During the course of this programme I was able to explore two countries, meet new friends and in general broaden my intellectual and cultural horizon.
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Special thanks to \textbf{Eija Kujanpää}, \textbf{Laura Mursu}, \textbf{Anne Kiviharju} and \textbf{Gwenaëlle Le Stir} for their administrative support during this time.
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|
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|
I would like to thank \textbf{Mario Di Francesco}, my main academic supervisor at Aalto University, for his continuous, comprehensive and honest feedback about my thesis.
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Also thanks to \textbf{Raja Appuswamy} for being my academic supervisor at EURECOM.
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|
|
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\textbf{Yacine Khettab}, my thesis instructor, gave helpful guidance while starting my work at Ericsson and proofread several drafts.
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I am thankful for \textbf{Adam Peltoniemi}, my manager, who hired me for Ericsson and gave me enough time to work freely on my thesis.
|
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I am grateful for the help of my colleagues at Ericsson, who provided inputs and guidance for setting up a test environment for experiments:
|
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\textbf{Gábor Kapitány}, \textbf{Olli Salonen}, \textbf{Tomi Poutanen}, \textbf{Bálint Csatári} and \textbf{Jussi Tuomela}.
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|
|
|
Finally, I would like to thank my editor, GNU Emacs, for allowing me to seamlessly develop, write and edit all aspects of the work covered in this thesis.
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|
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\begin{center}
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\rule{5in}{\linethickness}
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\end{center}
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I warrant that the thesis is my original work and that I have not received outside assistance.
|
|
Only the sources cited have been used in this thesis.
|
|
Parts that are direct quotes or paraphrases are identified as such.
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|
|
|
\vspace{5cm}
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|
Otaniemi, 30.7.2021 \todo{}
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|
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\vspace{5mm}
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{\hfill Jack Henschel \hspace{1cm}}
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\todo{Push me to the bottom of the page}
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|
\begin{center}
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|
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{presentation/erasmus-mundus.png}
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|
\end{center}
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|
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|
%% Force a new page after the preface
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%%
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\newpage
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|
|
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%% Table of contents.
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|
%%
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|
\thesistableofcontents
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|
|
|
|
%% Symbols and abbreviations
|
|
\mysection{Abbreviations}
|
|
|
|
\begin{tabular}{ll}
|
|
API & Application Programming Interface \\
|
|
CA & Cluster Autoscaler (Kubernetes) \\
|
|
CPU & Central Processing Unit \\
|
|
CRD & Custom Resource Definition (Kubernetes) \\
|
|
HPA & Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (Kubernetes) \\
|
|
HTTP & Hypertext Transport Protocol \\
|
|
I/O & Input and Output operations \\
|
|
IP & Internet Protocol \\
|
|
KEDA & Kubernetes Event-driven Autoscaling \\
|
|
KEP & Kubernetes Enhancement Proposal \\
|
|
QoS & Quality of Service \\
|
|
SLA & Service Level Agreement \\
|
|
SLI & Service Level Indicator \\
|
|
SLO & Service Level Objective \\
|
|
SSH & Secure Shell \\
|
|
VM & Virtual Machine \\
|
|
VPA & Vertical Pod Autoscaler (Kubernetes) \\
|
|
YAML & YAML Ain't Markup Language \\
|
|
\end{tabular}
|
|
|
|
%% \clearpage is similar to \newpage, but it also flushes the floats (figures and tables).
|
|
\cleardoublepage
|
|
|
|
%% Pretty page headers start from here on
|
|
\pagestyle{fancy}
|
|
|
|
%% Note: each include automatically produces a \clearpage
|
|
\include{include/01-introduction}
|
|
\include{include/02-background}
|
|
\include{include/03-research}
|
|
\include{include/04-implementation}
|
|
\include{include/05-evaluation}
|
|
\include{include/06-conclusion}
|
|
|
|
%% Reset header to just chapter name (without "Chapter")
|
|
\renewcommand{\myleftmark}{\leftmark}
|
|
|
|
\thesisbibliography
|
|
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtranUrldate}
|
|
\bibliography{include/references}
|
|
|
|
%% Appendices
|
|
%% If you don't have appendices, remove \clearpage and \thesisappendix below.
|
|
\clearpage
|
|
|
|
\thesisappendix
|
|
|
|
\include{include/appendices}
|
|
|
|
\end{document}
|